Memory cell structure

ABSTRACT

A new capacitor structure of a Flash memory (Flash) cells on a supporting substrate&#39;s existing topography, including existing topography provided by adjacent word lines is provided. The gate of the Flash memory cell is constructed as an integral part of the new capacitor cell structure. An increased capacitive coupling ratio is achieved whereby reduced programming voltage is required while yielding more a more compact memory cell structure. Hence, the requirements of low power densely packed integrated circuits is realized for smaller, portable microprocessor devices.

This application is a Continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/135,353 filedAug. 17, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,218,698.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to semiconductor integratedcircuits and, more particularly, to fabrication of a non-volatile memorywith a floating gate.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Non volatile memories having floating gates are widely implemented onintegrated circuits. Flash memory (Flash) is one form of a nonvolatilememory having a floating gate and will be referred to for illustrativepurposes throughout this specification. Nevertheless, the presentinvention is not limited to flash memory cells and can be embodied inany alternate form of non-volatile memory cell having a floating gate.

Flash cells can be electrically programmed, erased, and reprogrammed.One technique of implementing Flash is by use of a floating gatetunneling oxide (FLOTOX) transistor. To create a FLOTOX transistor, afield-effect transistor (FET) having source, drain, substrate, and gateterminals is modified to electrically isolate (float) the gate. Thispolycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) floating gate is created over athin insulating layer of silicon dioxide (gate oxide). A secondpolysilicon gate (control gate) is created above the floating gate. Thefloating gate and control gate are separated by an interpoly insulatinglayer.

Since the floating gate is electrically isolated, any charge stored onthe floating gate is trapped. Storing sufficient charge on the floatinggate will create an inversion channel between source and drain of theFET. Thus, the presence or absence of charge on the floating gaterepresents two distinct data states.

Typically, FLOTOX transistors are selectively programmed by hot electroninjection which places a charge on a floating gate during a write. TheFLOTOX transistors are selectively erased by Fowler-Nordheim tunnelingwhich removes the a charge from the floating gate. During a write, ahigh programming voltage is placed on the control gate. This forces aninversion region to form in the p-type substrate. The drain voltage isincreased to approximately half the control gate voltage (6 volts) whilethe source is grounded (0 volts), increasing the voltage drop betweenthe drain and source. In the presence of the inversion region, thecurrent between the drain and source increases. The resulting highelectron flow from source to drain increases the kinetic energy of theelectrons. This causes the electrons to gain enough energy to overcomethe outside barrier and collect on the floating gate.

After the write is completed, the negative charge on the floating gateraises the cell's threshold voltage (V_(T)) above the wordline logic 1voltage. When a written cell's wordline is brought to a logic 1 during aread, the cell will not turn on. Sense amps detect and amplify the cellcurrent, and output a 0 for a written cell.

The floating gate can be erased by grounding the control gate andraising the source voltage to a sufficiently high positive voltage totransfer electrons out of the floating gate to the source terminal ofthe transistor by tunneling through the insulating gate oxide. After theerase is completed, the lack of charge on the floating gate lowers thecell's V_(T) below the wordline logic 1 voltage. Thus when an erasedcell's wordline is brought to a logic 1 during a read, the transistorwill turn on and conduct more current than a written cell. Some flashdevices use Fowler-Nordheim tunneling for writes as well as erase.

The transistors can be selectively reprogrammed in the same manner asdescribed above, since the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling process isnondestructive. The programming and erasure voltages which effectFowler-Nordheim tunneling are higher than the voltages normally used inreading the memory. Thus the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling effect isnegligible at the lower voltages used in reading the memory, allowing aFLOTOX transistor to maintain its programmed state for years ifsubjected only to normal read cycles.

These contact-less cells typically require approximately a 12 Volt orhigher programming voltage. It would be desirable in future uses ofFlash memories to lower the programming voltage (and, therefore, lowerthe power dissipation) while at the same time increasing Flash celldensity.

Flash memory cells typically include a capacitor plate which must befabricated with a large enough area to retain a charge sufficient towithstand the effects of parasitic capacitances and noise due to circuitoperation. A major design goal is to minimize the area of a cell toallow cells to be more densely packed on an integrated circuit die.While achieving this goal of increasing cell array density, however, thesufficient capacitance levels of the storage capacitors must bemaintained. To date, smaller cell designs necessitate increasingprogramming voltages in order to maintain required capacitance levels.Increasing the programming voltage, however, increases power dissipationand future flash memories will require lower power dissipation.

“Stacked storage cell” design's increase cell density without reducingcapacitance by employing capacitive coupling. In this technique, two ormore capacitor conductive plate layers, such as polycrystalline silicon(polysilicon or poly), are deposited over a memory cell accesstransistor on a semiconductor wafer. A high dielectric constant materialis sandwiched between these capacitor plate layers. Such a capacitorstructure is known as a stacked capacitor cell (STC). STC's offerincreased cell density, however, advances in conventional methods ofhigh resolution photolithography and anisotropic etching have resultedin the development of other methods for increasing cell capacitance.

One approach to increasing memory cell capacitance in the dynamic randomaccess memory (DRAM) arena is to build a three dimensional capacitorstructure which extends vertically upward over the cell area. Forexample, the Tseng U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,702 discloses a method offabricating a STC by first depositing an etch stop layer over the wordlines. A thick layer of conductively doped polysilicon is thendeposited, masked, and etched to form a hollow cylindrical STC bottomcapacitor plate of height determined by the polysilicon thickness.

In another approach in the DRAM technologies, a form is employed tocreate the STC. For example, in the Dennison et al. U.S. Pat. No.5,340,765 a thick silicon dioxide (oxide) layer is deposited on thesupporting substrate on which access transistors have been created. Theoxide is then planarized and buried contact openings to the accesstransistors are etched through the oxide. The buried contact openingsare used as forms for the conformal deposition of a conductively dopedpolysilicon STC bottom plate layer. However, the forming of the buriedcontact openings is confined to the area between adjacent word lines,thereby limiting the area available for depositing the conductive bottomplate layer of the STC capacitor. By limiting the conductive bottomplate electrode area, the capacitance of the memory storage capacitor isalso limited.

Thus, there is a need in the art of Flash memory design, for memory cellstructures that yield higher capacitive coupling ratios. A method islikewise needed to fabricate nonvolatile high density Flash memory cellstructures which yield even higher capacitance coupling ratios and inwhich the method used to fabricate these structures is compatible withother memory fabrication steps.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a system an method for forming a nonvolatile memory structure on a silicon substrate having an existingtopography. A planarized isolation layer is formed on the existingtopography of the substrate having a top surface. A portion of theplanarized isolation layer is removed to form walls extending from thetop surface of the planarized isolation layer to the existing topographyof the substrate. A gate oxide region layer is formed on and conformingto the existing topography of the substrate. A conductive bottom platelayer is formed on and conforming to the top surface of the planarizedisolation layer, the walls of the isolation layer, and the gate oxidelayer. A dielectric layer is formed on and conforming to the conductivebottom plate layer. Then, a conductive top plate layer is formed on andconforming to the dielectric layer.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a method forforming a non volatile memory array on a silicon substrate with anexisting topography is provided. The method includes forming a floatinggate tunneling oxide transistor (FLOTOX). The FLOTOX has a first and asecond source/drain region and a body region. A floating gate is formedas part of the FLOTOX. Forming the floating gate further includesforming a planarized isolation layer on the existing topography of thesubstrate. The planarized isolation layer has a top surface. The methodfurther includes removing a portion of the planarized isolation layer toform walls which extend from the top surface of the planarized isolationlayer to the existing topography of the substrate. A gate oxide regionlayer is formed on and conforming to the existing topography of thesubstrate. A floating gate is formed on and to conforms to the topsurface of the planarized isolation layer, the walls of the isolationlayer, and the gate oxide layer. Forming the floating gate furtherincludes forming a dielectric layer on and conforming to the floatinggate. A control gate is formed that to conform to the dielectric layer.A wordline is formed and coupled to the control gate. A bit line isformed and coupled to the second source/drain region. A source line isformed and coupled to the first source/drain region.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a non volatilememory cell structure on a silicon substrate with an existing topographyis provided. The non volatile memory cell structure includes a gateoxide region layer on and conforming to the existing topography of thesubstrate. A planarized isolation layer surrounds the gate oxide regionlayer having a top surface. An opening extends from the top surface ofthe planarized isolation layer to the gate oxide region and is definedby the walls interior to the planarized isolation layer. A conductivebottom plate layer is located on and conforming to the top surface ofthe planarized isolation layer, the interior walls of the planarizedisolation layer, and the gate oxide region. A dielectric layer islocated on and conforms to the conductive bottom plate layer. Aconductive top plate layer is located on and conforms to the dielectriclayer.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a non volatilememory cell array structure on a silicon substrate with existingtopography is provided. The array includes a number of floating gatetunneling oxide transistors (FLOTOX) located on the substrate's existingtopography. Each FLOTOX includes a first and second source/drain region,a body region, and a gate oxide region layer on and conforming to thebody region. There is also a planarized isolation layer surrounds thegate oxide region layer and has a top surface. An opening extends fromthe top surface of the planarized isolation layer to the gate oxideregion and defined by walls interior to the planarized isolation layer.A floating gate is located on and conforms to the top surface of theplanarized isolation layer, the walls of the isolation layer, and thegate oxide layer. A dielectric layer is located on and conforms to thefloating gate. A control gate is located on and conforms to thedielectric layer. A wordline couples to the control gate of each FLOTOX.A bit line couples to the second source/drain region and a source linecouples to the first source/drain region.

These and other embodiments, aspects, advantages, and features of thepresent invention will be set forth in part in the description whichfollows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art byreference to the following description of the invention and referenceddrawings or by practice of the invention. The aspects, advantages, andfeatures of the invention are realized and attained by means of theinstrumentalities, procedures, and combinations particularly pointed outin the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a top view of the Flash memory cell layout showing the layoutof the cell in relation to the active regions of an integrated circuit.

FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate an embodiment of a process of fabrication takenalong cut line 2A—2A of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 illustrates a cross sectional view the complete Flash memory celltaken along cut line 3—3 of FIG. 1.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the following detailed description of the invention, reference ismade to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in whichis shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which theinvention may be practiced. In the drawings, like numerals describesubstantially similar components throughout the several views. Theseembodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilledin the art to practice the invention. Other embodiments may be utilizedand structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention. The terms wafer andsubstrate used in the following description include any structure havingan exposed surface with which to form the integrated circuit (IC)structure of the invention. The term substrate is understood to includesemiconductor wafers. The term substrate is also used to refer tosemiconductor structures during processing, and may include other layersthat have been fabricated thereupon. Both wafer and substrate includedoped and undoped semiconductors, epitaxial semiconductor layerssupported by a base semiconductor or insulator, as well as othersemiconductor structures well known to one skilled in the art. The termconductor is understood to include semiconductors, and the terminsulator is defined to include any material that is less electricallyconductive than the materials referred to as conductors. The followingdetailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense,and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appendedclaims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claimsare entitled.

A structure, method for fabrication and method for operation of a nonvolatile memory cell having a floating gate, according to the presentinvention, is described in detail below. A flash memory cell, which isone form of a non volatile memory cell having a floating gate, isreferenced throughout the description as an illustrative example. Thepresent invention is not, however, limited to flash memory cells, butrather is fully applicable to any non volatile memory having a floatinggate.

Array Structure

In FIG. 1, a top view of an array 10 of non volatile memory cells isillustrated which together comprise an integrated circuit. The array 10,as illustrated, includes a number of floating gate tunneling oxidetransistors (FLOTOX) 20, having a first 32 and second 34 source/drainregions, having a body region 36, a gate oxide layer 41 and a flashmemory cell 40. The flash memory cell 40 includes a floating gate 42 anda control gate 44 and a dielectric layer 46 sandwiched between thefloating gate 42 and the control gate 44. FIG. 1 further illustrateswordlines 50, wherein the wordlines couple to the control gate 44.Source line 52 couples to the first source/drain region 32. Bit line 54couples to the second source/drain region 32. Bit lines also couple tosense amps 60.

Method of Operation

The method of operation in the present invention includes programmingthe flash memory cell 40 through the use of hot electron injection. Toachieve this, the wordline 50 is brought to a high programming voltage.This forces an inversion region to form in the body region 36 of theFLOTOX 20. A voltage of approximately half the wordline 50 voltage isplaced on the second source/drain region 34. The first source/drainregion 32 is held at ground, thus increasing the voltage drop betweenthe first 32 and second 34 source/drain regions. In the presence of theinversion region, the current between the first 32 and second 34source/drain regions increases. The resulting high electron flow fromfirst 32 to second 34 source/drain regions increases the kinetic energyof the electrons. Tis causes the electrons to gain enough energy toovercome the gate oxide layer 41 barrier and collect on the floatinggate 42.

In one embodiment the wordline 50 is raised to approximately 12 voltsand the second source/drain region 54 is raised to approximately 6volts. Meanwhile, the first source/drain region 52 is grounded, 0 volts.

After the programming is completed, the negative charge on the floatinggate 42 raises the flash memory cell's 40 threshold voltage (V_(T))above the wordline 50 logic “1” voltage. When a programmed cell'swordline 50 is brought to a logic “1” during a read, the flash memorycell 40 will not turn on. Sense amps 60 detect and amplify the cellcurrent, and output a 0 for a written cell.

The floating gate 42 can be erased by grounding the control gate 44 andraising the first source/drain region 32 voltage to a sufficiently highpositive voltage to transfer electrons out of the floating gate 42 tothe first source/drain region 32 of the FLOTOX 20 by tunneling throughthe gate oxide layer 41. After the erase is completed, the lack ofcharge on the floating gate 42 lowers the flash memory cell's 40 V_(T)below the wordline 50 logic “1” voltage. Thus when an erased flashmemory cell's 40 wordline 50 is brought to a logic “1” during a read,the FLOTOX 20 transistor will turn on and conduct more current than aprogrammed flash memory cell 40. The sense amps 60 detect and amplifythe flash memory cell 40 current. In one embodiment, the method ofoperation for Fowler Nordheim erase functions is reversed and utilizedto program the flash memory cell 40. As is appreciated by those skilledin the art, the array 10 will be complemented with other logicarchitectures to attain high random access memory (RAM) readperformance.

Method of Fabrication

The sequence of fabrication steps, according to the present invention,pertaining to the flash memory cell 40 is illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2C. Aswill be well understood by one skilled in the art that the FIGS. 2A-2Cdepict a pair of floating gate and Flash memory elements. Multiplefloating gate and Flash memory elements are typically fabricatedsimultaneously on multiple integrated circuit die on a semiconductorwafer.

FIG. 2A is a cross section view along line 2A—2A of FIG. 1. The crosssectional view of FIG. 2 illustrates a semiconductor substrate 70. Twoadjacent Flash cell regions 82 a and 82 b define the active arearegions, where FLOTOX transistors are to be created. Regions of thickinsulating silicon dioxide called field oxide form sidewall spacers 84.These sidewall spacers 84 are grown around the active areas 82 therebycompletely enclosing the active areas 82 along the surface of the wafer.The sidewall spacers 84 electrically isolates FLOTOX transistors fromeach other.

In FIG. 2A, a first isolation layer 92 is conformally deposited over theexisting topography of supporting substrate 70. The first isolationlayer 92 acts as an etch-stop to protect underlying topography. Firstisolation layer 92 is preferably composed of silicon nitride (nitride),but other layers of materials or combinations of layers of materialswith suitable etch stop properties may also be used. For example, firstisolation layer 92 could alternatively be composed of undopedpolysilicon or undoped silicon dioxide. First isolation layer 92 ispreferably conformally deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD).

Next, a relatively thick second isolation layer 96 is conformallydeposited, preferably by CVD, on the first isolation layer 92. Surfacetopography of second isolation layer 96 is minimized by planarization,preferably by chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). Other planarizationtechniques may also be used, such as by forming and dry-etching aphotoresist layer or spin on glass. The second isolation layer 96 ispreferably an undoped oxide, such as: tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS);silane based oxide; of spin-on glass (SOG). Alternatively, secondisolation layer 96 may comprise a doped oxide, such as:borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG); phosphosilicate glass (PSG); or,borosilicate glass (BIG). The etch rate of second isolation layer 96should be substantially greater than the etch rate of first isolationlayer 92. Minimizing the topography of second isolation layer 96 by CMPplanarization results in a relatively flat surface for subsequentprocessing steps. Together the first isolation layer 92 and the secondisolation layer 96 collectively comprise a planarized isolation layer98.

FIG. 2B illustrates the structure following the next sequence of processsteps. The second isolation layer 96 is selectively patterned to definea substantially cylindrical opening 100. A substantially cylindricalopening 100 is anisotropically etched through second isolation layer 96and through portions of the underlying first isolation layer 92. Theminimum thickness of first isolation layer 92 also depends on theetchant's selectivity of the second isolation layer 96 with respect tothe first isolation layer 92.

In one embodiment, the second isolation layer 96, is controllably etchedto remove a certain portion of the second isolation layer 96 and tothereby expose portions of the first isolation layer 92. A dry etch isthe technique chosen using, for example, a fluorocarbon-containingplasma, such as CHF₃, CF₄, or CHF₄ or an oxygen plasma process in thetypical method of reactive ion etching (RIE). The first isolation layer92 is next removed in such a manner as to form a continuation of thesubstantially cylindrical opening 100, terminating on the existingtopography of the substrate 70. A wet etch is the technique utilized toremove the first isolation layer 92. In one embodiment, the wet etch isa hot phosphoric acid solution at a temperature of about 160 to 180degrees Celsius. In another embodiment, a wet etch is performed withhydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂, in sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄, or by using an organicphotoresist stripper.

In an alternative process embodiment, the dry etch process mentionedabove is utilized to etch through portions of both the second and firstisolation layers, 96 and 92 respectively, in one step.

Gate oxides 88 are formed in the gate oxide regions 86 by thermallyoxidizing the surface of the'silicon substrate 70. The gate oxides areformed to a desired thickness. The desired thickness to facilitateFowler-Nordheim tunneling is 150 angstroms or less.

FIG. 2C illustrates the structure following the final sequence ofprocess steps. A bottom conductive layer 140 is blanket deposited, suchas by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition), over the substantiallycylindrical opening 100 that has been formed in the isolation layers 96and 92. The bottom conductive layer 140 is formed of polysilicon. Aphotoresist is applied and selectively exposed to cover thesubstantially cylindrical openings 100. The bottom conductive layer 140is then removed from the top surface of the second isolation layer 96between the substantiallly cylindrical openings 100. The bottomconductive layer 140 can be removed by any suitable method, such as byreactive ion etching (RIE). A capacitor dielectric layer 142 is nowconformally deposited over the bottom conductive layer 140. Thecapacitor dielectric layer 142 is typically composed of sandwichedsilicon oxide, silicon nitride, and silicon oxide (ONO). In making theONO dielectric 142, the first or bottom silicon oxide, (O layer) isformed by, for example, exposure to deionized water (DI) to form anative silicon oxide having a thickness of approximately 50 Angstroms.The silicon nitride, (N layer) is formed by LPCVD wherein the gases areammonia and SiH₂C₂, temperature of approximately 760 Degrees Celsius,pressure of approximately 350 mTorr., to give a resulting thickness ofbetween approximately 50 to 70 Angstroms. The top silicon oxide, (Olayer) may be formed by exposing the N layer to dry oxygen at about 850degrees Celsius for about 30 minutes to form a silicon nitride/oxidelayer. A top conductive plate layer 144 is formed by depositing a secondpolysilicon layer on the capacitor dielectric layer 142 including withinthe substantially cylindrical opening 100.

FIG. 3 illustrates a completed view of a pair of flash memory cells 40.The view is taken along cross section line 3—3 of FIG. 1. First 32 andsecond 34 source/drain regions of the FLOTOX transistor 20 are providedin FIG. 3 for illustrative purposes. The first 32 and second 34source/drain regions can be formed by any suitable process, as standardprocesses for such implantation are used in the relevant industry. Inone such standard process, the first 32 and second 34 source/drainregions are formed by ion-implantation of dopants into the substrate 70.FIG. 3 illustrates the flash memory cells 40 with the isolation layerremoved.

FIG. 3 more clearly illustrates that the new flash memory cell 40structure utilizes the gate region 86 of in FLOTOX transistor 20 toserve as the flash memory cell 40. The remaining contact holes andwiring required to form the bit lines, wordlines and electricalinterconnects of a FLOTOX transistor 20 are achieved throughconventional metallization processing steps.

Conclusion

A non volatile memory cell having a floating gate is presented whichprovides a desirably dense cell structure. The new cell structure can beformed on a chip surface area of 4 F², wherein F is defined as theminimum lithographic feature size that is imposed by lithographicprocesses used during fabrication. Due to the new cell structure, thecapacitive coupling ratio attainable between the floating gate and thecontrol gate is sizeably increased. By increasing the capacitivecoupling ratio, the new cell permits lower current consumption designswithout requiring an increase in the programming voltage or furtherreduction in gate oxide thickness below 100 Angstroms. These advantagesprove very valuable for hand held and mobile computing systems whichrequire high density, non volatile memory devices and require low powerdissipation.

Additionally, a method of fabricating the non volatile memory cell isgiven. The advantage to the method of the present invention is themethod's ability to fabricate an entirely new cell structure withoutincreasing the number or nature of process steps used. Thus, the newstructure is advantageously created from the identical number of processsteps that is presently standard in fabrication processes for nonvolatile memories having floating gates.

It is to be understood that the above description is intended to beillustrative, and not restrictive. Many other embodiments will beapparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the abovedescription. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determinedwith reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope ofequivalents to which such claims are entitled.

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-volatile memory cell structure on a siliconsubstrate having an existing topography, comprising; a gate oxide regionlayer on and conforming to the existing topography of the substrate; anisolation layer formed on sidewall spacers surrounding the gate oxideregion layer, the isolation layer having a top surface, wherein theisolation layer further includes a masking layer of silicon nitridewhich serves as an etch stop; an opening extending from the top surfaceof the isolation layer to the gate oxide region and defined by wallsinterior to the isolation layer; a conductive bottom plate layer on andconforming to the top surface of the isolation layer, the interior wallsof the isolation layer, and the gate oxide region; a dielectric layer onand conforming to the conductive bottom plate layer; and a conductivetop plate layer on and conforming to the dielectric layer.
 2. A nonvolatile memory cell array structure on a silicon substrate having anexisting topography, comprising: a plurality of floating gate tunnelingoxide transistors (FLOTOX) located on the substrate's existingtopography, wherein each FLOTOX comprises: a first and secondsource/drain region; a body region; a gate oxide region layer on andconforming to the body region; an isolation layer formed on sidewallspacers surrounding the gate oxide region layer, the isolation layerhaving a top surface, and wherein the isolation layer includes a maskinglayer of silicon nitride which acts as an etch stop; an openingextending from the top surface of the isolation layer to the gate oxideregion and defined by walls interior to the isolation layer; a floatinggate on and conforming to the top surface of the isolation layer, thewalls of the isolation layer, and the gate oxide layer; a dielectriclayer located on and conforming to the floating gate; and a control gateis located on and conforms to the dielectric layer; a wordline, whereinthe wordline couples to the control gate; a bit line, wherein the bitline couples to the second source/drain region; and a source line,wherein the source line couples to the first source/drain region.
 3. Anon-volatile memory cell structure, comprising: a pair of sidewallspacers formed on a substrate and separated by a gate oxide region ofthe substrate; at least one isolation layer formed on the substrate andthe sidewall spacers; an opening formed in the at least one isolationlayer to expose at least a portion of each sidewall spacer and the gateoxide region of the substrate; a gate oxide layer formed on the gateoxide region between the sidewall spacers; a first layer of conductivematerial formed on the gate oxide layer, the portion of each sidewallspacer and an interior wall of the opening; a layer of dielectricmaterial formed on the first layer of conductive material; and a secondlayer of conductive material formed on the layer of dielectric material.4. The non volatile memory cell structure of claim 3, wherein the firstlayer of conductive material covers substantially completely an interiorof the opening and the second layer of conductive material substantiallycompletely covers the first layer of conductive material to form acapacitor.
 5. The non volatile memory cell structure of claim 3, whereinthe first layer of conductive material defines a floating gate and thesecond layer of conductive material defines a control gate and iscoupled to a wordline.
 6. A non-volatile memory cell structure,comprising: a pair of sidewall spacers formed on a substrate andseparated by a gate oxide region of the substrate; at least oneisolation layer formed on the substrate and the sidewall spacers; anopening formed in the at least one isolation layer to expose at least aportion of each sidewall spacer and the gate oxide region of thesubstrate; a gate oxide layer formed on the gate oxide region betweenthe sidewall spacers; a first layer of conductive material formed on thegate oxide layer, the portion of each sidewall spacer and an interiorwall of the opening; a layer of dielectric material formed on the firstlayer of conductive material; a second layer of conductive materialformed on the layer of dielectric material; a first semiconductiveregion formed in the substrate and extending partially under the gateoxide and the first conductive layer of material on one side of the cellstructure; and a second semiconductive region formed in the substrateand extending partially under the gate oxide and the first conductivelayer of material on a side of the cell structure opposite to the oneside.
 7. The non volatile memory cell structure of claim 6, wherein thefirst semiconductor region is coupled to a source line and the secondsemiconductor region is coupled to a bit line.
 8. A non-volatile memorycell structure, comprising: at least one isolation layer formed on thesubstrate; an opening formed in the at least one isolation layer toexpose a portion of the substrate; a gate oxide layer formed on theexposed portion of the substrate; a first layer of conductive materialformed on the gate oxide layer and interior walls of the opening suchthat the first layer of conductive material substantially completelycovers the gate oxide layer and the interior walls; a layer ofdielectric material formed on the first layer of conductive material;and a second layer of conductive material formed on the layer ofdielectric material.
 9. A non-volatile memory cell structure,comprising: at least one isolation layer formed on the substrate; anopening formed in the at least one isolation layer to expose a portionof the substrate; a gate oxide layer formed on the exposed portion ofthe substrate; a first layer of conductive material formed on the gateoxide layer and interior walls of the opening such that the first layerof conductive material substantially completely covers the gate oxidelayer and the interior walls of the opening; a layer of dielectricmaterial formed on the first layer of conductive material; and a secondlayer of conductive material formed on the layer of dielectric material;a first semiconductive region formed in the substrate and extendingpartially under the gate oxide and the first conductive layer ofmaterial on one side of the cell structure; and a second semiconductiveregion formed in the substrate and extending partially under the gateoxide and the first conductive layer of material on a side of the cellstructure opposite to the one side.
 10. A memory device, comprising: anarray of memory cells, each memory cell including: a pair of sidewallspacers formed on a substrate and separated by a gate oxide region ofthe substrate, at least one isolation layer formed on the substrate andthe sidewall spacers, an opening formed in the at least one isolationlayer to expose at least a portion of each sidewall spacer and the gateoxide region of the substrate, a gate oxide layer formed on the gateoxide region between the sidewall spacers, a first layer of conductivematerial formed on the gate oxide layer, the portion of each sidewallspacer and interior walls of the opening, a layer of dielectric materialformed on the first layer of conductive material, and a second layer ofconductive material formed on the layer of dielectric material.
 11. Amemory device, comprising: an array of memory cells, each memory cellincluding: a pair of sidewall spacers formed on a substrate andseparated by a gate oxide region of the substrate, at least oneisolation layer formed on the substrate and the sidewall spacers, anopening formed in the at least one isolation layer to expose at least aportion of each sidewall spacer and the gate oxide region of thesubstrate, a gate oxide layer formed on the gate oxide region betweenthe sidewall spacers, a first layer of conductive material formed on thegate oxide layer, the portion of each sidewall spacer and interior wallsof the opening, a layer of dielectric material formed on the first layerof conductive material, a second layer of conductive material formed onthe layer of dielectric material, a first semiconductive region formedin the substrate and extending partially under the gate oxide and thefirst conductive layer of material on one side of the cell structure,and a second semiconductive region formed in the substrate and extendingpartially under the gate oxide and the first conductive layer ofmaterial on a side of the cell structure opposite to the one side.
 12. Amemory device, comprising: an array of memory cells formed in aplurality of rows and columns, each memory cell including: a pair ofsidewall spacers formed on a substrate and separated by a gate oxideregion of the substrate, at least one isolation layer formed on thesubstrate and the sidewall spacers, an opening formed in the at leastone isolation layer to expose at least a portion of each sidewall spacerand the gate oxide region of the substrate, a gate oxide layer formed onthe gate oxide region between the sidewall spacers, a first layer ofconductive material formed on the gate oxide layer, the portion of eachsidewall spacer and interior walls of the opening, a layer of dielectricmaterial formed on the first layer of conductive material, a secondlayer of conductive material formed on the layer of dielectric material,a first semiconductive region formed in the substrate and extendingpartially under the gate oxide and the first conductive layer ofmaterial on one side of the cell structure, and a second semiconductiveregion formed in the substrate and extending partially under the gateoxide and the first conductive layer of material on a side of the cellstructure opposite to the one side; a plurality of wordline, onewordline coupled to the second layer of conductive material of eachmemory cell in each column of the array; a plurality of source lines,one source line coupled to the first semiconductor region of each memorycell in each column of the array; and a plurality of bit lines, one bitline coupled to the second semiconductor regions of each memory cell ineach row of the array.
 13. A memory device, comprising: an array ofmemory cells formed in a plurality of rows and columns, each memory cellincluding: at least one isolation layer formed on the substrate, anopening formed in the at least one isolation layer to expose at least agate oxide region of the substrate, a gate oxide layer formed on thegate oxide region, a first layer of conductive material formed on thegate oxide layer and interior walls of the opening such that the firstlayer of conductive material substantially completely covers the gateoxide layer and the interior walls of the opening, a layer of dielectricmaterial formed on the first layer of conductive material, a secondlayer of conductive material formed on the layer of dielectric material,a first semiconductive region formed in the substrate and extendingpartially under the gate oxide and the first conductive layer ofmaterial on one side of the cell structure, and a second semiconductiveregion formed in the substrate and extending partially under the gateoxide and the first conductive layer of material on a side of the cellstructure opposite to the one side; a plurality of wordlines, onewordline coupled to the second layer of conductive material of eachmemory cell in each column of the array; a plurality of source lines,one source line coupled to the first semiconductor region of each memorycell in each column of the array; and a plurality of bit lines, one bitline coupled to the second semiconductor regions of each memory cell ineach row of the array.
 14. A memory device, comprising: an array ofmemory cells formed in columns and rows, each memory cell including afloating gate tunnel oxide transistor (FLOTOX) and each FLOTOXincluding: a first source/drain region, a second source/drain regionseparated from the first source/drain region by a gate oxide region, agate oxide formed on at least the gate oxide region, a floating gateformed on the gate oxide and extending vertically within an openingformed in at least one isolation layer and substantially completelycovering interior walls of the opening, a capacitor dielectric layerformed on the floating gate and substantially completely covering thefloating gate within the opening, and a control gate formed on thecapacitor dielectric layer and substantially completely covering thecapacitor dielectric layer, wherein the floating gate and the controlgate are capacitively coupled along substantially a complete extent ofthe opening.
 15. A memory device, comprising: an array of memory cellsform red in columns and rows, each memory cell including a floating gatetunnel oxide transistor (FLOTOX) and each FLOTOX including: a firstsource/drain region, a second source/drain region separated from thefirst source/drain region by a gate oxide region, a gate oxide formed onat least the gate oxide region, a floating gate formed on the gate oxideand extending vertically within an opening formed in at least oneisolation layer and substantially completely covering interior walls ofthe opening, a capacitor dielectric layer formed on the floating gateand substantially completely covering the floating gate within theopening, and a control gate formed on the capacitor dielectric layer andsubstantially completely covering the capacitor dielectric layer,wherein the floating gate and the control gate are capacitively coupledalong substantially a complete extent of the opening; a plurality ofwordlines, one wordline coupled to the control gate of each FLOTOX ineach column of the array; a plurality of source lines, one source linecoupled to the first source/drain region of each FLOTOX in each columnof the array; and a plurality of bit lines, one bit line coupled to thesecond source/drain region of each memory cell in each row of the array.